History of Microprocessor

       As we all know about that many of the electronics devices nowadays use  microprocessor.. A microprocessor is simply an IC (integrated circuit)that contains the entire central processing unit of a computer on a single. As all of know about Computers now, we also know that there is a processor(microprocessor) in CPU of our Computer. As most of us know only two Microprocessor manufacturing companies Intel and A.M.D(Advanced Micro Devices). But other companies like Motorola, VIA, Microchip etc also manufacture several range of microprocessors...

     Now talking about the History of Microprocessor, we must not forget to thank Intel Inc. for its outstanding contribution in the field of technology since mid of 20th century. Intel Inc. was the first to manufacture Microprocessor. Actually what had happened is: Intel got orders from a Japanese electronics company 'Busicom' to manufacture some chips to be used in automated calculator. For that manufacturing project, a meeting was conducted where Intel's Engineer Ted Hoff proposed-"We are to manufacture variety of chips so instead of manufacturing several chips, Can't we manufacture a single chip that would do all the tasks of those several chips?" This line created a huge difference in the history of electronics. So honoring Er. Hoff's statement, Intel started manufacturing the first microchip which was lateral called as Microprocessor. Then at November 15,1971, Intel manufactured world's first Microprocessor and named it Intel 4004. It was a 4 bit microprocessor. It had about 2300 transistors and of clock frequency 740KHz. Now after that a series of microprocessors were manufactured.

     After the success of Intel 4004, Intel manufactured Intel 4040 which was a slightly improved version of Intel 4004 in the same year 1971. Now in 1972, another Microprocessor was manufactured named as Intel 8008. This was a 8-bit microprocessor. then more other 8-bit microprocessors named Intel 8080 (in April 1974), Intel 8085 (in March 1976) were manufactured. Intel 8085 was the most upgraded 8-bit microprocessor. It had clock frequency of 3 MHz. Again Intel Inc. upgraded its microprocessor to 16-bit and the first 16-bit microprocessor was Intel 8086. It was introduced in June 8, 1978. And then other 16-bit microprocessors Intel 80186, Intel 80286 were manufactured with more improved technology.

       Now it was time for Intel Inc. to produce 32-bits microprocessor. It was Intel 80386 introduced in October 17, 1985 which was the first 32-bit microprocessor. And other microprocessor of 32-bit Intel 30486 was introduced in 1989. At this race of success of Intel's microprocessor it got legal problem in using the numbers as its microprocessors name. So from 1991 to now it is using name different names as Microprocessors name. And then other 32-bit processor like Pentium(in March 1993), Pentium Pro (in 1995), Pentium II (in 1997), Celeron (in 1998), Pentium III (in 1999), Pentium II and III Xeon (in 1999), Pentium IV (in 2000 ), Pentium M, Intel Core, Intel Dual Core, Intel Core 2 Duo, Intel Atom(advanced Core 2 Duo), Intel i3, Intel i5 and now Intel i7 are introduced.  

      But one more processor Intel Itanium followed by Itanium II  was also introduced in 2001. This is the only 64-bit microprocessor developed by Intel. Since it is used in very high speed Super Computers, it is rarely found. 
I hope you find this informative. plz leave your comments below.

know MATLAB (for all engineering students)

MATLAB® is a high-performance language for technical computing. It

integrates computation, visualization, and programming in an easy-to-use

environment where problems and solutions are expressed in familiar

mathematical notation. Typical uses include

•Math and computation

•Algorithm development

•Data acquisition

•Modeling, simulation, and prototyping

•Data analysis, exploration, and visualization

•Scientific and engineering graphics

•Application development, including graphical user interface building

MATLAB is an interactive system whose basic data element is an array that

does not require dimensioning. This allows you to solve many technical

computing problems, especially those with matrix and vector formulations, in

a fraction of the time it would take to write a program in a scalar noninteractive

language such as C or Fortran.

The name MATLAB stands for matrix laboratory. MATLAB was originally

written to provide easy access to matrix software developed by the LINPACK

and EISPACK projects. Today, MATLAB engines incorporate the LAPACK

and BLAS libraries, embedding the state of the art in software for matrix

computation.

MATLAB has evolved over a period of years with input from many users. In

university environments, it is the standard instructional tool for introductory

and advanced courses in mathematics, engineering, and science. In industry,

MATLAB is the tool of choice for high-productivity research, development, and

analysis.

MATLAB features a family of add-on application-specific solutions called

toolboxes. Very important to most users of MATLAB, toolboxes allow you to

learn and apply specialized technology. Toolboxes are comprehensive

collections of MATLAB functions (M-files) that extend the MATLAB

environment to solve particular classes of problems. Areas in which toolboxes

are available include signal processing, control systems, neural networks,

fuzzy logic, wavelets, simulation, and many others.

Are you safe from Hepatitis B ???

What is hepatitis B?

Hepatitis B is an infection that attacks the liver which brings inflammation in liver. It is

When most healthy adults and older children are

caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). This HBV was first identified by British physician Dr. F.O. MacCallum in 1940s. Hepatitis is named as "Hepa", in latin it means liver and "itis" which means inflammation. infected with HBV, their immune systems are able to fight off the infection. They experience a brief or "acute" hepatitis B infection. Many of those infected feel no symptoms and don’t even know they were infected. But about 5% of adults and 90% of babies exposed to HBV can’t get rid of the infection. Their immune systems either aren’t strong enough to repel the infection, or, in the case of young children, they fail to recognize HBV as an enemy virus. That is why about 90% of babies born to infected mothers get hepatitis B. When people are infected for six months or longer with HBV, they have a long-term or "chronic" infection.

??

Hepatitis B is transmitted by blood and other infected bodily fluids too. It is not casually transmitted i.e. it cannot be transmitted through sneezing, coughing, hugging etc.

The main ways of getting infected with HBV are:

• perinatal (from mother to baby at the birth)
• child-to-child transmission
• unsafe injections and transfusions
• sexual contact.

Worldwide, most infections occur from mother-to-child, from child-to-child (especially in household settings), and from reuse of unsterilized needles and syringes. In many developing countries, almost all children become infected with the virus.

??

You can protect yourself against hepatitis B by being vaccinated. The hepatitis B

vaccine has an outstanding record of safety and effectiveness, and since 1982, over one billion doses have been used worldwide. The vaccine is 95% effective in preventing chronic infections from developing. Protection lasts for 20 years at least, no booster is recommended by WHO as of today.For detailed information please visit : http://www.who.int/csr/disease/hepatitis/whocdscsrlyo20022/en/index5.html

get some ideas regarding Microsoft ONE NOTE (Very useful for students)

I think all of us have used MS-Word in our computer for various text task. But will that allow you to write in any part of the page???

or lets say if you are using a notebook(laptop) for noting down some important information then, can u use that Microsoft word to write it as you do in your rough/note copy???

The answer is obviously NO!!!

So, is there any solution then?? what may be the solution then?? Yes, Microsoft Office 2007 and onwards give you the platform to make ur e-note book in your computer.

And the application is named as MS One Note. This application is found within the office package of 2007 and onwards.

Have you ever used this??? Its flexibility in text writing and pasting images are amazing. First of all, you just have to open the MS One-Note(usually you'll find it in "START- programs - Microsoft Office - One Note 2007"), if you have installed MS Office 2007(or 2010) in your Computer. You'll find an interface with many options.. from those options you may choose the template of any options depending upon your requirement, i.e you can determine the type of your Note and you'll get the standard template for it like travel note, recipe note, book note, movies, shopping, personal note, project, planning etc..

In this one note, you are allowed to write at any part or corner of page i.e. as you do in your rough copy. you may add any pictures, so that your note can be made more dynamic.

Also it has a lot of cool features for us. They are listed below:

1. It can recognise text written in pictures you keep in your notes

2. Create table with keyboard

3. You can use drawing tools in one note itself to create images(diagrams to be used in your note)

4. you can import or export the one note document to Word, Excel, Power-point etc.

5. It has password protection feature to protect your document

6. You are also allowed to store multimedia like image, sound clips and video too as the part of note. this feature allows you to record video, audio from a standard device in One Note itself.

. For more cool feature you just check out the One Note in your Computer.

Now just you try this ONE NOTE in your computer and explore its feature and

plz do comment your view here.

Good Luck and Thanks for reading....

do you know what is IPV6 ????? If no then know it...

Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is a new version of the Internet Protocol (IP) that is designed to succeed the older Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4).
The Internet operates by transferring data in small packets that are independently routed across networks as specified by an international communications protocol known as the Internet Protocol. Each data packet contains two numeric addresses that are the packet's origin and destination devices. Since 1981, IPv4 has been the publicly used version of the Internet Protocol, and it is currently the foundation for most Internet communications.
The growth of the Internet has created a need for more addresses than are possible with IPv4. IPv6 was developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) to deal with this long-anticipated IPv4 address exhaustion, and is described in Internet standard document RFC 2460, published in December 1998.^[1] Like IPv4, IPv6 is an Internet Layer protocol for packet-switched internetworking and provides end-to-end datagram transmission across multiple IP networks. While IPv4 allows 32 bits for an Internet Protocol address, and can therefore support 2³² (4,294,967,296) addresses, IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses, so the new address space supports 2¹²⁸ (approximately 340 undecillion or 3.4×10³⁸) addresses. This expansion allows for many more devices and users on the internet as well as extra flexibility in allocating addresses and efficiency for routing traffic. It also eliminates the primary need for network address translation (NAT), which gained widespread deployment as an effort to alleviate IPv4 address exhaustion.
IPv6 also implements additional features not present in IPv4. It simplifies aspects of address assignment (stateless address autoconfiguration), network renumbering and router announcements when changing Internet connectivity providers. The IPv6 subnet size has been standardized by fixing the size of the host identifier portion of an address to 64 bits to facilitate an automatic mechanism for forming the host identifier from link layer media addressing information (MAC address). Network security is also integrated into the design of the IPv6 architecture, and the IPv6 specification mandates support for IPsec as a fundamental interoperability requirement.
The last top level (/8) block of free IPv4 addresses was assigned in February 2011 by IANA to the 5 RIRs, although many free addresses still remain in most assigned blocks and each RIR will continue with standard policy until it is at its last /8. After that, only 1024 addresses (a /22) are made available from the RIR for each LIR – Currently, only APNIC has already reached this stage.^[2] While IPv6 is supported on all major operating systems in use in commercial, business, and home consumer environments,^[3] IPv6 does not implement interoperability features with IPv4, and creates essentially a parallel, independent network. Exchanging traffic between the two networks requires special translator gateways, but modern computer operating systems implement dual-protocol software for transparent access to both networks either natively or using 'tunneling' such as 6to4, 6in4 or Teredo. In December 2010, despite marking its 12th anniversary as a Standards Track protocol, IPv6 was only in its infancy in terms of general worldwide deployment. A 2008 study^[4] by Google Inc. indicated that penetration was still less than one percent of Internet-enabled hosts in any country at that time.

source: WIKIPEDIA