Steve Job's inspirational Speech at Stanford (2005).....

I am honored to be with you today at your commencement from one of the finest universities in the world. I never graduated from college. Truth be told, this is the closest I've ever gotten to a college graduation. Today I want to tell you three stories from my life. That's it. No big deal. Just three stories.

The first story is about connecting the dots.

I dropped out of Reed College after the first 6 months, but then stayed around as a drop-in for another 18 months or so before I really quit. So why did I drop out?

It started before I was born. My biological mother was a young, unwed college graduate student, and she decided to put me up for adoption. She felt very strongly that I should be adopted by college graduates, so everything was all set for me to be adopted at birth by a lawyer and his wife. Except that when I popped out they decided at the last minute that they really wanted a girl. So my parents, who were on a waiting list, got a call in the middle of the night asking: "We have an unexpected baby boy; do you want him?" They said: "Of course." My biological mother later found out that my mother had never graduated from college and that my father had never graduated from high school. She refused to sign the final adoption papers. She only relented a few months later when my parents promised that I would someday go to college.

And 17 years later I did go to college. But I naively chose a college that was almost as expensive as Stanford, and all of my working-class parents' savings were being spent on my college tuition. After six months, I couldn't see the value in it. I had no idea what I wanted to do with my life and no idea how college was going to help me figure it out. And here I was spending all of the money my parents had saved their entire life. So I decided to drop out and trust that it would all work out OK. It was pretty scary at the time, but looking back it was one of the best decisions I ever made. The minute I dropped out I could stop taking the required classes that didn't interest me, and begin dropping in on the ones that looked interesting.

It wasn't all romantic. I didn't have a dorm room, so I slept on the floor in friends' rooms, I returned coke bottles for the 5¢ deposits to buy food with, and I would walk the 7 miles across town every Sunday night to get one good meal a week at the Hare Krishna temple. I loved it. And much of what I stumbled into by following my curiosity and intuition turned out to be priceless later on. Let me give you one example:

Reed College at that time offered perhaps the best calligraphy instruction in the country. Throughout the campus every poster, every label on every drawer, was beautifully hand calligraphed. Because I had dropped out and didn't have to take the normal classes, I decided to take a calligraphy class to learn how to do this. I learned about serif and san serif typefaces, about varying the amount of space between different letter combinations, about what makes great typography great. It was beautiful, historical, artistically subtle in a way that science can't capture, and I found it fascinating.

None of this had even a hope of any practical application in my life. But ten years later, when we were designing the first Macintosh computer, it all came back to me. And we designed it all into the Mac. It was the first computer with beautiful typography. If I had never dropped in on that single course in college, the Mac would have never had multiple typefaces or proportionally spaced fonts. And since Windows just copied the Mac, it's likely that no personal computer would have them. If I had never dropped out, I would have never dropped in on this calligraphy class, and personal computers might not have the wonderful typography that they do. Of course it was impossible to connect the dots looking forward when I was in college. But it was very, very clear looking backwards ten years later.

Again, you can't connect the dots looking forward; you can only connect them looking backwards. So you have to trust that the dots will somehow connect in your future. You have to trust in something — your gut, destiny, life, karma, whatever. This approach has never let me down, and it has made all the difference in my life.

My second story is about love and loss.

I was lucky — I found what I loved to do early in life. Woz and I started Apple in my parents garage when I was 20. We worked hard, and in 10 years Apple had grown from just the two of us in a garage into a $2 billion company with over 4000 employees. We had just released our finest creation — the Macintosh — a year earlier, and I had just turned 30. And then I got fired. How can you get fired from a company you started? Well, as Apple grew we hired someone who I thought was very talented to run the company with me, and for the first year or so things went well. But then our visions of the future began to diverge and eventually we had a falling out. When we did, our Board of Directors sided with him. So at 30 I was out. And very publicly out. What had been the focus of my entire adult life was gone, and it was devastating.

I really didn't know what to do for a few months. I felt that I had let the previous generation of entrepreneurs down - that I had dropped the baton as it was being passed to me. I met with David Packard and Bob Noyce and tried to apologize for screwing up so badly. I was a very public failure, and I even thought about running away from the valley. But something slowly began to dawn on me — I still loved what I did. The turn of events at Apple had not changed that one bit. I had been rejected, but I was still in love. And so I decided to start over.

I didn't see it then, but it turned out that getting fired from Apple was the best thing that could have ever happened to me. The heaviness of being successful was replaced by the lightness of being a beginner again, less sure about everything. It freed me to enter one of the most creative periods of my life.

During the next five years, I started a company named NeXT, another company named Pixar, and fell in love with an amazing woman who would become my wife. Pixar went on to create the worlds first computer animated feature film, Toy Story, and is now the most successful animation studio in the world. In a remarkable turn of events, Apple bought NeXT, I returned to Apple, and the technology we developed at NeXT is at the heart of Apple's current renaissance. And Laurene and I have a wonderful family together.

I'm pretty sure none of this would have happened if I hadn't been fired from Apple. It was awful tasting medicine, but I guess the patient needed it. Sometimes life hits you in the head with a brick. Don't lose faith. I'm convinced that the only thing that kept me going was that I loved what I did. You've got to find what you love. And that is as true for your work as it is for your lovers. Your work is going to fill a large part of your life, and the only way to be truly satisfied is to do what you believe is great work. And the only way to do great work is to love what you do. If you haven't found it yet, keep looking. Don't settle. As with all matters of the heart, you'll know when you find it. And, like any great relationship, it just gets better and better as the years roll on. So keep looking until you find it. Don't settle.

My third story is about death.

When I was 17, I read a quote that went something like: "If you live each day as if it was your last, someday you'll most certainly be right." It made an impression on me, and since then, for the past 33 years, I have looked in the mirror every morning and asked myself: "If today were the last day of my life, would I want to do what I am about to do today?" And whenever the answer has been "No" for too many days in a row, I know I need to change something.

Remembering that I'll be dead soon is the most important tool I've ever encountered to help me make the big choices in life. Because almost everything — all external expectations, all pride, all fear of embarrassment or failure - these things just fall away in the face of death, leaving only what is truly important. Remembering that you are going to die is the best way I know to avoid the trap of thinking you have something to lose. You are already naked. There is no reason not to follow your heart.

About a year ago I was diagnosed with cancer. I had a scan at 7:30 in the morning, and it clearly showed a tumor on my pancreas. I didn't even know what a pancreas was. The doctors told me this was almost certainly a type of cancer that is incurable, and that I should expect to live no longer than three to six months. My doctor advised me to go home and get my affairs in order, which is doctor's code for prepare to die. It means to try to tell your kids everything you thought you'd have the next 10 years to tell them in just a few months. It means to make sure everything is buttoned up so that it will be as easy as possible for your family. It means to say your goodbyes.

I lived with that diagnosis all day. Later that evening I had a biopsy, where they stuck an endoscope down my throat, through my stomach and into my intestines, put a needle into my pancreas and got a few cells from the tumor. I was sedated, but my wife, who was there, told me that when they viewed the cells under a microscope the doctors started crying because it turned out to be a very rare form of pancreatic cancer that is curable with surgery. I had the surgery and I'm fine now.

This was the closest I've been to facing death, and I hope it's the closest I get for a few more decades. Having lived through it, I can now say this to you with a bit more certainty than when death was a useful but purely intellectual concept:

No one wants to die. Even people who want to go to heaven don't want to die to get there. And yet death is the destination we all share. No one has ever escaped it. And that is as it should be, because Death is very likely the single best invention of Life. It is Life's change agent. It clears out the old to make way for the new. Right now the new is you, but someday not too long from now, you will gradually become the old and be cleared away. Sorry to be so dramatic, but it is quite true.

Your time is limited, so don't waste it living someone else's life. Don't be trapped by dogma — which is living with the results of other people's thinking. Don't let the noise of others' opinions drown out your own inner voice. And most important, have the courage to follow your heart and intuition. They somehow already know what you truly want to become. Everything else is secondary.

When I was young, there was an amazing publication called The Whole Earth Catalog, which was one of the bibles of my generation. It was created by a fellow named Stewart Brand not far from here in Menlo Park, and he brought it to life with his poetic touch. This was in the late 1960's, before personal computers and desktop publishing, so it was all made with typewriters, scissors, and polaroid cameras. It was sort of like Google in paperback form, 35 years before Google came along: it was idealistic, and overflowing with neat tools and great notions.

Stewart and his team put out several issues of The Whole Earth Catalog, and then when it had run its course, they put out a final issue. It was the mid-1970s, and I was your age. On the back cover of their final issue was a photograph of an early morning country road, the kind you might find yourself hitchhiking on if you were so adventurous. Beneath it were the words: "Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish." It was their farewell message as they signed off. Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish. And I have always wished that for myself. And now, as you graduate to begin anew, I wish that for you.

Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish.

Thank you all very much.

.

.

you may see the video on YOUTUBE at : http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hd_ptbiPoXM

.

All rights reserved © Stanford University

Chetan Bhagat's full Speech(Very inspirational) at Symbiosis, Pune, India

Chetan Bhagat (my favourite writer) who is the writer of best seller novels like 2 ststes, 5 point some one, 3 mistakes of my life etc. in English language in India. We knew him as a great writer but from this he has proved that he's a great speaker too.

Here is the very inspirating speech delivered by him to MBA students at Symbiosis, Pune, India

Good Morning everyone and thank you for giving me this chance to speak to you. This day is about you. You, who have come to this college, leaving the comfort of your homes (or in some cases discomfort), to become something in your life. I am sure you are excited. There are few days in human life when one is truly elated.  The first day in college is one of them.  When you were getting ready today, you felt a tingling in your stomach. What would the auditorium be like, what would the teachers be like, who are my new classmates – there is so much to be curious about. I call this excitement, the spark within you that makes you feel truly alive today. Today I am going to talk about keeping the spark shining. Or to put it another way, how to be happy most, if not all the time.

Where do these sparks start? I think we are born with them. My 3-year old twin boys have a million sparks. A little Spiderman toy can make them jump on the bed. They get thrills from creaky swings in the park. A story from daddy gets them excited. They do a daily countdown for birthday party – several months in advance – just for the day they will cut their own birthday cake.

I see students like you, and I still see some sparks. But when I see older people, the spark is difficult to find. That means as we age, the spark fades. People whose spark has faded too much are dull, dejected, aimless and bitter. Remember Kareena in the first half of Jab We Met vs the second half? That is what happens when the spark is lost.   So how to save the spark?

Imagine the spark to be a lamp’s flame. The first aspect is nurturing – to give your spark the fuel, continuously. The second is to guard against storms.

To nurture, always have goals. It is human nature to strive, improve and achieve full potential. In fact, that is success. It is what is possible for you. It isn’t any external measure – a certain cost to company pay package, a particular car or house.

Most of us are from middle class families. To us, having material landmarks is success and rightly so. When you have grown up where money constraints force everyday choices, financial freedom is a big achievement. But it isn’t the purpose of life. If that was the case, Mr. Ambani would not show up for work. Shah Rukh Khan would stay at home and not dance anymore. Steve Jobs won’t be working hard to make a better iPhone, as he sold Pixar for billions of dollars already. Why do they do it? What makes them come to work everyday? They do it because it makes them happy. They do it because it makes them feel alive Just getting better from current levels feels good. If you study hard, you can improve your rank. If you make an effort to interact with people, you will do better in interviews. If you practice, your cricket will get better. You may also know that you cannot become Tendulkar, yet. But you can get to the next level. Striving for that next level is important.

Nature designed with a random set of genes and circumstances in which we were born. To be happy, we have to accept it and make the most of nature’s design. Are you? Goals will help you do that. I must add, don’t just have career or academic goals. Set goals to give you a balanced, successful life. I use the word balanced before successful. Balanced means ensuring your health, relationships, mental peace are all in good order.

There is no point of getting a promotion on the day of your breakup. There is no fun in driving a car if your back hurts. Shopping is not enjoyable if your mind is full of tensions.

You must have read some quotes – Life is a tough race, it is a marathon or whatever. No, from what I have seen so far, life is one of those races in nursery school, where you have to run with a marble in a spoon kept in your mouth. If the marble falls, there is no point coming first. Same with life, where health and relationships are the marble. Your striving is only worth it if there is harmony in your life. Else, you may achieve the success, but this spark, this feeling of being excited and alive, will start to die.

One last thing about nurturing the spark – don’t take life seriously. One of my yoga teachers used to make students laugh during classes. One student asked him if these jokes would take away something from the yoga practice. The teacher said – don’t be serious, be sincere. This quote has defined my work ever since. Whether its my writing, my job, my relationships or any of my goals. I get thousands of opinions on my writing everyday. There is heaps of praise, there is intense criticism. If I take it all seriously, how will I write? Or rather, how will I live? Life is not to be taken seriously, as we are really temporary here. We are like a pre-paid card with limited validity. If we are lucky, we may last another 50 years. And 50 years is just 2,500 weekends. Do we really need to get so worked up? It’s ok, bunk a few classes, goof up a few interviews, fall in love. We are people, not programmed devices.

I’ve told you three things – reasonable goals, balance and not taking it too seriously that will nurture the spark. However, there are four storms in life that will threaten to completely put out the flame. These must be guarded against. These are disappointment, frustration, unfairness and loneliness of purpose.

Disappointment will come when your effort does not give you the expected return. If things don’t go as planned or if you face failure. Failure is extremely difficult to handle, but those that do come out stronger. What did this failure teach me? is the question you will need to ask. You will feel miserable. You will want to quit, like I wanted to when nine publishers rejected my first book. Some IITians kill themselves over low grades – how silly is that? But that is how much failure can hurt you. But it’s life. If challenges could always be overcome, they would cease to be a challenge. And remember – if you are failing at something, that means you are at your limit or potential. And that’s where you want to be.

Disappointment’ s cousin is  Frustration, the second storm.  Have you ever been frustrated? It happens when things are stuck. This is especially relevant in India. From traffic jams to getting that job you deserve, sometimes things take so long that you don’t know if you chose the right goal. After books, I set the goal of writing for Bollywood, as I thought they needed writers. I am called extremely lucky, but it took me five years to get close to  a release. Frustration saps excitement, and turns your initial energy into something negative, making you a bitter person. How did I deal with it? A realistic assessment of the time involved – movies take a long time to make even though they are watched quickly, seeking a certain enjoyment in the process rather than the end result – at least I was learning how to write scripts, having a side plan – I had my third book to write and even something as simple as pleasurable distractions in your life – friends, food, travel can help you overcome it. Remember, nothing is to be taken seriously. Frustration is a sign somewhere, you took it too seriously.

Unfairness – this is hardest to deal with, but unfortunately that is how our country works. People with connections, rich dads, beautiful faces, pedigree find it easier to make it – not just in Bollywood, but everywhere. And sometimes it is just plain luck. There are so few opportunities in India, so many stars need to be aligned for you to make it happen. Merit and hard work is not always linked to achievement in the short term, but the long term correlation is high, and ultimately things do work out. But realize, there will be some people luckier than you. In fact, to have an opportunity to go to college and understand this speech in English means you are pretty damm lucky by Indian standards. Let’s be grateful for what we have and get the strength to accept what we don’t. I have so much love from my readers that other writers cannot even imagine it. However, I don’t get literary praise. It’s ok. I don’t look like Aishwarya Rai, but I have two boys who I think are more beautiful than her. It’s ok. Don’t let unfairness kill your spark.

Finally, the last point that can kill your spark is Isolation. As you grow older you will realize you are unique. When you are little, all kids want Ice cream and Spiderman. As you grow older to college, you still are a lot like your friends. But ten years later and you realize you are unique. What you want, what you believe in, what makes you feel, may be different from even the people closest to you. This can create conflict as your goals may not match with others. And you may drop some of them. Basketball captains in college invariably stop playing basketball by the time they have their second child. They give up something that meant so much to them. They do it for their family. But in doing that, the spark dies. Never, ever make that compromise. Love yourself first, and then others.

There you go. I’ve told you the four thunderstorms – disappointment, frustration, unfairness and isolation. You cannot avoid them, as like the monsoon they will come into your life at regular intervals. You just need to keep the raincoat handy to not let the spark die.

I welcome you again to the most wonderful  years of your life. If someone gave me the choice to go back in time, I will surely choose college. But I also hope that ten years later as well, your eyes will shine the same way as they do today. That you will Keep the Spark alive, not only through college, but through the next 2,500 weekends. And I hope not just you, but my whole country will keep that spark alive, as we really need it now more than any moment in history. And there is something cool about saying – I come from the land of a billion sparks.

Thank You.

                                                                                     Chetan Bhagat
 Hope you all find this inspirational. isn't it?????????????

History of Microprocessor

       As we all know about that many of the electronics devices nowadays use  microprocessor.. A microprocessor is simply an IC (integrated circuit)that contains the entire central processing unit of a computer on a single. As all of know about Computers now, we also know that there is a processor(microprocessor) in CPU of our Computer. As most of us know only two Microprocessor manufacturing companies Intel and A.M.D(Advanced Micro Devices). But other companies like Motorola, VIA, Microchip etc also manufacture several range of microprocessors...

     Now talking about the History of Microprocessor, we must not forget to thank Intel Inc. for its outstanding contribution in the field of technology since mid of 20th century. Intel Inc. was the first to manufacture Microprocessor. Actually what had happened is: Intel got orders from a Japanese electronics company 'Busicom' to manufacture some chips to be used in automated calculator. For that manufacturing project, a meeting was conducted where Intel's Engineer Ted Hoff proposed-"We are to manufacture variety of chips so instead of manufacturing several chips, Can't we manufacture a single chip that would do all the tasks of those several chips?" This line created a huge difference in the history of electronics. So honoring Er. Hoff's statement, Intel started manufacturing the first microchip which was lateral called as Microprocessor. Then at November 15,1971, Intel manufactured world's first Microprocessor and named it Intel 4004. It was a 4 bit microprocessor. It had about 2300 transistors and of clock frequency 740KHz. Now after that a series of microprocessors were manufactured.

     After the success of Intel 4004, Intel manufactured Intel 4040 which was a slightly improved version of Intel 4004 in the same year 1971. Now in 1972, another Microprocessor was manufactured named as Intel 8008. This was a 8-bit microprocessor. then more other 8-bit microprocessors named Intel 8080 (in April 1974), Intel 8085 (in March 1976) were manufactured. Intel 8085 was the most upgraded 8-bit microprocessor. It had clock frequency of 3 MHz. Again Intel Inc. upgraded its microprocessor to 16-bit and the first 16-bit microprocessor was Intel 8086. It was introduced in June 8, 1978. And then other 16-bit microprocessors Intel 80186, Intel 80286 were manufactured with more improved technology.

       Now it was time for Intel Inc. to produce 32-bits microprocessor. It was Intel 80386 introduced in October 17, 1985 which was the first 32-bit microprocessor. And other microprocessor of 32-bit Intel 30486 was introduced in 1989. At this race of success of Intel's microprocessor it got legal problem in using the numbers as its microprocessors name. So from 1991 to now it is using name different names as Microprocessors name. And then other 32-bit processor like Pentium(in March 1993), Pentium Pro (in 1995), Pentium II (in 1997), Celeron (in 1998), Pentium III (in 1999), Pentium II and III Xeon (in 1999), Pentium IV (in 2000 ), Pentium M, Intel Core, Intel Dual Core, Intel Core 2 Duo, Intel Atom(advanced Core 2 Duo), Intel i3, Intel i5 and now Intel i7 are introduced.  

      But one more processor Intel Itanium followed by Itanium II  was also introduced in 2001. This is the only 64-bit microprocessor developed by Intel. Since it is used in very high speed Super Computers, it is rarely found. 
I hope you find this informative. plz leave your comments below.

know MATLAB (for all engineering students)

MATLAB® is a high-performance language for technical computing. It

integrates computation, visualization, and programming in an easy-to-use

environment where problems and solutions are expressed in familiar

mathematical notation. Typical uses include

•Math and computation

•Algorithm development

•Data acquisition

•Modeling, simulation, and prototyping

•Data analysis, exploration, and visualization

•Scientific and engineering graphics

•Application development, including graphical user interface building

MATLAB is an interactive system whose basic data element is an array that

does not require dimensioning. This allows you to solve many technical

computing problems, especially those with matrix and vector formulations, in

a fraction of the time it would take to write a program in a scalar noninteractive

language such as C or Fortran.

The name MATLAB stands for matrix laboratory. MATLAB was originally

written to provide easy access to matrix software developed by the LINPACK

and EISPACK projects. Today, MATLAB engines incorporate the LAPACK

and BLAS libraries, embedding the state of the art in software for matrix

computation.

MATLAB has evolved over a period of years with input from many users. In

university environments, it is the standard instructional tool for introductory

and advanced courses in mathematics, engineering, and science. In industry,

MATLAB is the tool of choice for high-productivity research, development, and

analysis.

MATLAB features a family of add-on application-specific solutions called

toolboxes. Very important to most users of MATLAB, toolboxes allow you to

learn and apply specialized technology. Toolboxes are comprehensive

collections of MATLAB functions (M-files) that extend the MATLAB

environment to solve particular classes of problems. Areas in which toolboxes

are available include signal processing, control systems, neural networks,

fuzzy logic, wavelets, simulation, and many others.

Are you safe from Hepatitis B ???

What is hepatitis B?

Hepatitis B is an infection that attacks the liver which brings inflammation in liver. It is

When most healthy adults and older children are

caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). This HBV was first identified by British physician Dr. F.O. MacCallum in 1940s. Hepatitis is named as "Hepa", in latin it means liver and "itis" which means inflammation. infected with HBV, their immune systems are able to fight off the infection. They experience a brief or "acute" hepatitis B infection. Many of those infected feel no symptoms and don’t even know they were infected. But about 5% of adults and 90% of babies exposed to HBV can’t get rid of the infection. Their immune systems either aren’t strong enough to repel the infection, or, in the case of young children, they fail to recognize HBV as an enemy virus. That is why about 90% of babies born to infected mothers get hepatitis B. When people are infected for six months or longer with HBV, they have a long-term or "chronic" infection.

??

Hepatitis B is transmitted by blood and other infected bodily fluids too. It is not casually transmitted i.e. it cannot be transmitted through sneezing, coughing, hugging etc.

The main ways of getting infected with HBV are:

• perinatal (from mother to baby at the birth)
• child-to-child transmission
• unsafe injections and transfusions
• sexual contact.

Worldwide, most infections occur from mother-to-child, from child-to-child (especially in household settings), and from reuse of unsterilized needles and syringes. In many developing countries, almost all children become infected with the virus.

??

You can protect yourself against hepatitis B by being vaccinated. The hepatitis B

vaccine has an outstanding record of safety and effectiveness, and since 1982, over one billion doses have been used worldwide. The vaccine is 95% effective in preventing chronic infections from developing. Protection lasts for 20 years at least, no booster is recommended by WHO as of today.For detailed information please visit : http://www.who.int/csr/disease/hepatitis/whocdscsrlyo20022/en/index5.html

get some ideas regarding Microsoft ONE NOTE (Very useful for students)

I think all of us have used MS-Word in our computer for various text task. But will that allow you to write in any part of the page???

or lets say if you are using a notebook(laptop) for noting down some important information then, can u use that Microsoft word to write it as you do in your rough/note copy???

The answer is obviously NO!!!

So, is there any solution then?? what may be the solution then?? Yes, Microsoft Office 2007 and onwards give you the platform to make ur e-note book in your computer.

And the application is named as MS One Note. This application is found within the office package of 2007 and onwards.

Have you ever used this??? Its flexibility in text writing and pasting images are amazing. First of all, you just have to open the MS One-Note(usually you'll find it in "START- programs - Microsoft Office - One Note 2007"), if you have installed MS Office 2007(or 2010) in your Computer. You'll find an interface with many options.. from those options you may choose the template of any options depending upon your requirement, i.e you can determine the type of your Note and you'll get the standard template for it like travel note, recipe note, book note, movies, shopping, personal note, project, planning etc..

In this one note, you are allowed to write at any part or corner of page i.e. as you do in your rough copy. you may add any pictures, so that your note can be made more dynamic.

Also it has a lot of cool features for us. They are listed below:

1. It can recognise text written in pictures you keep in your notes

2. Create table with keyboard

3. You can use drawing tools in one note itself to create images(diagrams to be used in your note)

4. you can import or export the one note document to Word, Excel, Power-point etc.

5. It has password protection feature to protect your document

6. You are also allowed to store multimedia like image, sound clips and video too as the part of note. this feature allows you to record video, audio from a standard device in One Note itself.

. For more cool feature you just check out the One Note in your Computer.

Now just you try this ONE NOTE in your computer and explore its feature and

plz do comment your view here.

Good Luck and Thanks for reading....

do you know what is IPV6 ????? If no then know it...

Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is a new version of the Internet Protocol (IP) that is designed to succeed the older Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4).
The Internet operates by transferring data in small packets that are independently routed across networks as specified by an international communications protocol known as the Internet Protocol. Each data packet contains two numeric addresses that are the packet's origin and destination devices. Since 1981, IPv4 has been the publicly used version of the Internet Protocol, and it is currently the foundation for most Internet communications.
The growth of the Internet has created a need for more addresses than are possible with IPv4. IPv6 was developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) to deal with this long-anticipated IPv4 address exhaustion, and is described in Internet standard document RFC 2460, published in December 1998.^[1] Like IPv4, IPv6 is an Internet Layer protocol for packet-switched internetworking and provides end-to-end datagram transmission across multiple IP networks. While IPv4 allows 32 bits for an Internet Protocol address, and can therefore support 2³² (4,294,967,296) addresses, IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses, so the new address space supports 2¹²⁸ (approximately 340 undecillion or 3.4×10³⁸) addresses. This expansion allows for many more devices and users on the internet as well as extra flexibility in allocating addresses and efficiency for routing traffic. It also eliminates the primary need for network address translation (NAT), which gained widespread deployment as an effort to alleviate IPv4 address exhaustion.
IPv6 also implements additional features not present in IPv4. It simplifies aspects of address assignment (stateless address autoconfiguration), network renumbering and router announcements when changing Internet connectivity providers. The IPv6 subnet size has been standardized by fixing the size of the host identifier portion of an address to 64 bits to facilitate an automatic mechanism for forming the host identifier from link layer media addressing information (MAC address). Network security is also integrated into the design of the IPv6 architecture, and the IPv6 specification mandates support for IPsec as a fundamental interoperability requirement.
The last top level (/8) block of free IPv4 addresses was assigned in February 2011 by IANA to the 5 RIRs, although many free addresses still remain in most assigned blocks and each RIR will continue with standard policy until it is at its last /8. After that, only 1024 addresses (a /22) are made available from the RIR for each LIR – Currently, only APNIC has already reached this stage.^[2] While IPv6 is supported on all major operating systems in use in commercial, business, and home consumer environments,^[3] IPv6 does not implement interoperability features with IPv4, and creates essentially a parallel, independent network. Exchanging traffic between the two networks requires special translator gateways, but modern computer operating systems implement dual-protocol software for transparent access to both networks either natively or using 'tunneling' such as 6to4, 6in4 or Teredo. In December 2010, despite marking its 12th anniversary as a Standards Track protocol, IPv6 was only in its infancy in terms of general worldwide deployment. A 2008 study^[4] by Google Inc. indicated that penetration was still less than one percent of Internet-enabled hosts in any country at that time.

source: WIKIPEDIA